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Friend Marcus: Lition ended in civil war in which Caesar eated Pompey, Crassus having died in irevious battle.
The Second Triumvirate was formed in BC after Caesar's assassination. Its mem-s were Caesar's friend Marcus Antonius iark Antony), his great-nephew and heir dus Octavius (Octavian), and Marcus pidus. This triumvirate also ended in il war, in which Octavius defeated Marcus itonius at the battle of Actium in 31 BC.
When Antony 1 the support of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, nor of Transalpine Gaul, and Decimus MS had been killed, however, Octavian allied :lf with Antony and Lepidus. The Second virate, as it was called, was formed in nber 43. The three men formed a dictator-fin Rome, proscribed their political enemies— them, Marcus Tullius Cicero, who was I by Antony's order—and had Caesar deified i his laws confirmed. Leaving Lepidus to i the city, Antony and Octavian determined ish Marcus Brutus and Cassius, as well as ^surviving supporters of Pompey and the and outlaws who had gathered around In 42 at Philippi in Macedonia, they de-Brutus and Cassius, who committed.
In contrast, the reign of his nephew, the Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (161-180), was spent in constant wars. His colleague, Lucius Aurelius Verus, who shared his powers until his death in 169, led an expedition against Parthia (162-166) in which part of northern Mesopotamia was made a Roman dependency. In 166 the Marcomanni (q.v.) and other tribes crossed the upper Danube; after several years of fighting, Marcus Aurelius settled with them by permitting some of them to live within the empire. In 178, the Marcomanni, Quadi (q.v.), and other tribes reopened hostilities, and Marcus Aurelius and his son, Corn-modus (in full Lucius Aelius Aurelius Corn-modus), led an army to the frontier. |
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